Ruth Bader Ginsburg left us one of the greatest legacies in the history
of the US Supreme Court. It could be best described as a continuous and ardent
defense of individual rights in the face of state overreach and abuse of power.
Her last request was that, in a controversial election year and down to the
wire before voting day, the voice of the people should be heard before someone
was chosen to attempt to take her place. That request was not only not heeded,
but was demonstratively and almost viciously disregarded. Justice Ginsburg
deserved better.
Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg |
Nor did the administration and the Republican-led Senate (read: Majority
Leader Mitch McConnell) give us time to mourn and honor Justice Ginsburg as she
deserved. Instead, they made it immediately clear that they planned to pick an
extreme conservative out of a hat—women’s names only, to try and appease female
voters whom the current president is shedding like coronavirus at a
super-spreader event—and ramrod her appointment through the Senate in the nick
of time before the First Tuesday in November. And that is precisely what they
have done.
It would be unfair to either woman to say that Amy Coney Barrett, who this week initiates her tenure as a new associate justice of the US Supreme Court, “replaces” Justice Ginsburg. She couldn’t, because Ginsburg’s shoes are unfillable—at least by any of the candidates that the President considered. And, besides, that’s not what Coney Barrett is there to do. No matter what sort of justice she proves to be in what will very likely be her decades in the post, for the moment, Justice Barrett is a ringer, a linchpin nomination designed to pack the Court with conservatives so as to affect US law for generations to come, even though there is every indication that the majority of Americans are currently of a much more liberal political bent. There is reason to suggest that she has been chosen not because of any judiciously even-handed interpretation of the law that she may have, or claim to have, but, indeed, because of her extremely conservative views, as they emerge from her past writing, speeches, decisions, associations and statements, no matter how carefully she avoided reflecting those views during Senate hearing questioning by opposition lawmakers.
Amy Coney Barrett at the White House |
Seeking to strike any comparison between Coney Barrett and Justice Ruth
Bader Ginsburg would be almost cruel. Next to RBG’s extraordinary
accomplishments by the time she first came to the Supreme Court, Amy Coney
Barrett is a relative novice. But taken beyond the boundaries of her ostensibly
being a “replacement” for Ginsburg, she indeed has a sound (though not
astounding) legal curriculum vitae.
After graduation from an all-girls Catholic high school in New Orleans,
where she was class vice-president, Coney Barrett attended Rhodes College in
Memphis, where she majored in English literature and minored in French,
graduating magna cum laude in 1994.
She was awarded a full tuition scholarship to Notre Dame Law, where, among
other honors, she served as executive editor of the Notre Dame Law Review. She graduated at the top of her class
earning a juris doctor suma cum laude
degree in 1997. That same year she began clerking for DC District US Court of
Appeals Judge Laurence Silberman. The following year, she went to work as a
clerk for US Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia and remained with him
throughout 1998 and 1999. For the next three years, she worked for a boutique
law firm in Washington that later merged with a bigger law firm in Texas.
Following the merger, she participated on the research team for a lawsuit
entitled Bush v Gore, emerging from
controversy over the 2000 presidential election results. Her firm represented
George W. Bush. The rest of her credits are academic and include teaching or
acting as a research fellow at George Washington University, University of
Virginia Law, and at her alma mater, Notre Dame, imparting subjects related to
the federal courts and constitutional law and researching and writing on topics
related to constitutional law, originalism, statutory interpretation, and stare
decisis (litigation according to
precedent) for the Columbia, Cornell, University of Virginia, Texas and Notre
Dame Law Reviews, among other publications.
In 2010, Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts appointed Coney Barrett
to serve as a member of the Advisory Committee for the Federal Rules of
Appellate Procedure. It wasn’t until 2017, that she was named by the Trump
administration to serve as a federal judge for the US Seventh District Court of
Appeals, thus providing her with less than three years’ experience on the
federal bench. Her ultimate Senate confirmation in that post was contentious,
since Democrats saw her as a political appointee chosen more for her staunch
anti-abortion stance and her dubious stated views on whether Rowe v Wade should
be overturned than because of her general record as an attorney and educator. She
is also believed to favor overturning the Affordable Care Act and to hold
staunchly rightwing views on immigration. Nor did she prove herself capable,
during her Supreme Court nomination hearing, of clearly answering what her
response would be if President Trump were to try and make good on his threat to
refuse to give up the White House if he is defeated in next week’s election—an
act that, if carried out, would be clearly unconstitutional, if not seditious. These
topics and her relative inexperience were some of the same issues that came up
regarding the eleventh-hour GOP rush to place her on the Supreme Court while they
still hold a Senate majority in case they are voted out of office, which,
according to recent polls, appears not unlikely.
Ruth Bader Ginsberg, meanwhile, has been described in liberal legal
circles as, quite simply, “the most important woman lawyer in the history of
the Republic,” and one of the most famous and popular justices in the history
of the Supreme Court. The “notorious RBG”, as she was fondly known, has quite
literally become a pop icon, something few if any other Supreme Court justices
in history can boast. And, by contrast and comparison, Amy Coney Barrett has
become an unwitting catalyst for the posthumous exponential growth of
Ginsburg’s popularity, particularly among American women. In her place at the
other end of the spectrum, Coney Barrett is cast by liberals as the GOP’s
“handmaid”—a reference to Margaret Atwood’s political fiction, The Handmaid’s Tale, in which, from one
day to another, an all-pervasive quasi-evangelical state policy is violently imposed
to disempower women.
By the time RBG was appointed to the Supreme Court by the Clinton
administration in 1993, she had already served as a federal judge on the Second
Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia for nearly thirteen
years, having been nominated for that post by the Carter administration in 1980.
She was known as a prudent, judicious and moderate jurist who was adept at
seeking points of agreement with her conservative colleagues—including her
later fellow Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia—and reaching a consensus for
the appellate court’s final decisions.
Daughter of a Ukrainian-born father and a first-generation
Polish-American mother, RBG attended the same public high school in Flatbush
(Brooklyn), New York, as Senators Bernie Sanders, Chuck Schumer and Norm
Coleman. She lost her mother, who had inspired and encouraged her to be all she
could be, to cancer the day before her graduation. Despite this blow, by age
seventeen, she not only had her high school diploma but was also enrolled in the
academically prestigious Cornell University, majoring in Government, and graduating
first in her class in 1954.
She married her husband, tax attorney Martin Ginsburg, right out of
college at twenty-one, and accompanied him to Ft. Sill, Oklahoma, where he was
assigned for active duty as an ROTC Army Reserve officer. There, she landed a
job working for the Social Security administration for two years, but was
demoted in her second year after she became pregnant. This early incident was
one of the personal injustices that she suffered that would later affect her
interpretation of sexual discrimination under the law.
Another was when she enrolled and was accepted at Harvard University’s
Law School. She was one of only nine women out of a class of several hundred.
Early in the year, the dean of Harvard Law invited all nine women to his home
for dinner and, once they were seated at his table, asked each to explain why
she had decided to come to Harvard Law to take a place that could have been
filled by a man.
RBG later transferred to Columbia Law in New York City, from which she
graduated in 1959, tying for top of her class. While studying, she became the
first woman in history to be on the staff of both the Harvard Law Review and the Columbia
Law Review. In 1960, with the recommendation of the dean of Harvard Law,
she sought a position as a clerk for Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter,
but was turned down strictly based on her sex. She later sought a similar
position, with the recommendation of Columbia Law professor Gerald Gunther, on
the staff of New York Southern District Federal Court Judge Edmund Palmieri,
but was also at first rejected because of her gender. But Gunther doubled down,
telling Palmieri that he would never again recommend a Columbia Law graduate to
the Judge if he failed to hire Ginsburg. She then got the job, and held it for
two years. Ironically, young legal professionals like Amy Coney Barrett who
never have had to smash through the gender barrier to gain access to jobs in
the federal legal system owe an enormous debt to Ruth Bader Ginsburg, parts of
whose legacy the GOP is now seeking to undo.
From 1961 to 1963, RBG worked on an international legal procedure
project sponsored by Columbia Law, for which she learned Swedish and carried
out extensive research at Sweden’s Lund University, the result of which was a
book that she co-authored with Swedish legal expert Anders Bruzelius—a member
of a famous family of Scandinavian jurists. It was while in Sweden that she further
developed her stance on democracy and women, noting that anywhere from twenty
to twenty-four percent of all Swedish law students were women, while in the US,
with a few brilliant exceptions like herself, the legal profession tended to be
a closed boys’ club. She also took note of the fact that one of the Swedish
judges whom she interviewed for her project was eight months pregnant and still
on the job. She came back from Sweden convinced that a more equal and
democratic world for women than the one in the US was possible.
When Ginsburg acquired her first teaching post at Rutgers Law in 1963,
she was one of only a score of female law professors in the entire country. She
taught civil procedure at Rutgers until 1972. While teaching there, RBG
co-founded the Women’s Rights Law
Reporter. It was the first US legal journal whose entire focus was set on
women’s rights.
RBG in the '70s |
Also en 1972, RBG became a co-founder of the American Civil Liberties
Union’s Women’s Rights Project. The following year, she became general counsel
for that project. As such, she was a front-line participant in some three
hundred general discrimination cases that the ACLU filed by the end of the next
year. As the project’s general counsel, it was her job to personally argue six
discrimination cases that the US Supreme Court heard between 1973 and 1976. She
won favorable Supreme Court decisions five out of those six times.
Constitutional scholars tend to agree that Ginsburg chose her battles
carefully, going after sex discrimination one precedent at a time rather than
battling the Court for a blanket ban on all gender discrimination, which, in
those times, she was unlikely to achieve. By concentrating on specific statutes
throughout the country, she was creating the building blocks for a broader
assault on gender inequality. Nor did she limit her plaintiffs to women, since
by adding the cases of some men, she was implicitly proving that sex
discrimination affected everyone, not just women. Examples included cases in
which men, on the basis of gender, were denied benefits that women
received—e.g., a widowed man who was denied Social Security benefits paid to
widows caring for small children but not to widowers in the same situation, and
a male caregiver denied a tax deduction provided to female caregivers.
Additionally, she couched the language of her legal briefs, preferring
the term "gender" to the trigger-word "sex", which, she
felt, might distract male judges hearing the cases. And it is important to note
that her equality advocacy work during this time played a direct and significant
role in ending gender discrimination in no few fields of law, as well as in tapping
into the Fourteenth Amendment granting equal rights protection to African
Americans, so as to seek its application to gender discrimination as well. Indeed,
she drafted the brief for the historic Reed
v Reed case argued before the Supreme Court, basing it on the applicability
of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to women, as well as
to blacks.
Legal scholars and civil rights advocates tend to agree that RBG’s work
at the ACLU should be credited with making major legal inroads for women on the
basis of the Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution and that her repeated
victories largely discouraged legislators from continuing to treat women
differently than men under the law. This has prompted many, including her
conservative friend and fellow justice, Antonin Scalia, to compare her step by
step, precedent by precedent building of women’s constitutional equality with
how the country’s first black Supreme Court justice, Thurgood Marshall, built
the case of African American equality. Said Scalia, "She became the
leading (and very successful) litigator on behalf of women's rights—the
Thurgood Marshall of that cause, so to speak." Linda Hirschman, an
attorney/writer and the author of Sisters
in Law: How Sandra Day O’Connor and Ruth Bader Ginsburg Went to the Supreme
Court and Changed the World, calls Ginsburg “quite simply the most important
woman lawyer in the history of the Republic.”
And she, in essence, maintained that incisive attorney’s view in her thirteen years as a federal judge and her nearly three decades as a Supreme Court Justice. Instead of switching hats and distancing herself from the lawyerly view of her clients’ needs and rights, she merely switched clients, and her new client was “we the people.” This was probably because her interpretations were based more on what was legitimate than what was “legal” and she wasn’t afraid to shake discriminatory laws to their illegitimately vested foundations and seek to force them to conform to the true spirit and letter of the Constitution.
RBG with Sandra Day O'Connor |
Outstanding lawyer, researcher, teacher and judge, she was, without a
doubt, a remarkable jurist. But she was also, first and foremost, a small-d
democrat, who, nevertheless, took a judicious view of democracy and realized
that it was, as the old saying goes, “the worst form of government, except all
the others.” As such, she knew its weaknesses: namely, that if minority rights
weren’t protected under law, it would be easy for the majority to disregard
them in the name of democratic majority rule, and that majorities might well
seek to influence the electoral process in order to ensure their permanence in
power. Through her advocacy, public legal practice and decades on the bench,
RBG worked tirelessly to ensure that constitutional interpretation encompassed
an ever broader swath of equality.
A landmark Supreme Court case that typifies Justice Ginsburg’s influence
in broadening the meaning of discrimination in the United States is the 1996 United States v Virginia. Written by
Ginsburg and passed in a seven to one decision, the overwhelming Supreme Court majority
struck down the Virginia Military Institute’s traditional male-only admissions
rule. The only dissenting justice was William Rehnquist, while Justice Clarence
Thomas recused himself because his son was enrolled in the VMI at that time. In
drafting the decision, RBG stated that the institute had failed to demonstrate
“exceedingly persuasive justification” for banning women from admission. The
ban was, then, unconstitutional, since it violated the Equal Protection Clause
of the Fourteenth Amendment.
In seeking to get around the equality requirement, the State of Virginia
offered the same sort of “separate but equal” ploy so often utilized to
perpetuate racial discrimination, but this time applying it to gender. In
short, it offered a program entitled the Virginia Women's Institute for
Leadership (VWIL), to be provided through the nearby liberal arts school, Mary
Baldwin College.
But Justice Ginsburg’s majority decision argued that the VWIL would not
provide the same rigorous military training that men received at the VMI, nor
would it boast the same curriculum, faculty or ultimate career opportunities to
women as to men, including those arising from the contacts and reputation
implicit in attending the all-male academy. Again drawing the parallel between
racism and sexism, Ginsburg referred to Sweatt
v Painter, a 1950 decision in which the Court had ruled that it was
unconstitutional to segregate law schools in Texas because an alternative
all-black law school that had been set up failed to provide the same benefits
to its students that the prestigious and long-standing white school did.
According to the Ginsburg majority decision, "The VWIL program is a pale
shadow of VMI in terms of the range of curricular choices and faculty stature,
funding, prestige, alumni support and influence."
She went on to write, “Generalizations about ‘the way women are,’
estimates of what is appropriate for most women, no longer justify
denying opportunities to women whose talent and capacity place them outside the
average description.” What she was subtly yet radically telling the society of
those times, legal scholars say, was that if there is any woman who can
meet a state’s standard for any sort of opportunity, then no woman
can be denied access to that opportunity.
Perhaps the prime role of the Supreme Court should be protection of “we
the people” against the frailties of democracy and the overarching power of both
federal and state government. Ginsburg had a profound understanding of this
responsibility. And a perusal of her advocacy, her appellate court performance
and her victories and dissents in her many years on the Supreme Court make
clear the debt she is owed not only by women, but also by racial and ethnic
minorities, the LGBT community, political dissidents and people accused of
alleged crimes—in other words, every social group or individual whose civil and
human rights have too often been ignored by those representing the majority in a
supposedly democratic society. In short, this diminutive woman with her
enormous intellect and heart was no less than the epitome of justice, equality
and the rule of law.
In a nation in which so many women owe protection of their basic rights
to the persistent commitment to equality of this iconic Supreme Court justice,
it is ironic that another woman has been picked by the Senate majority—one of
those domineering majorities whose nefarious influence Justice Ginsburg spent
her life seeking to limit—to try and ensure that some of the results of victories
fought and won by RBG and other staunch advocates of true democracy are
eventually dismantled.
There is no way to know precisely how Amy Coney Barrett will perform as
a Supreme Court Justice, but it seems clear that she has an almost
diametrically opposing view to that of Ruth Bader Ginsburg when it comes to the
tenets of democracy and, in particular, the basic rights of American women,
including their reproductive rights. If members of the far-right who proposed
her are successful in their hopes that she will do their bidding, it will be a
slap in the face to the legacy of “the notorious RGB” and sadly, American
democracy will be the worse for it.